Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults Essay - 867 Words

Samantha Panek Dr. Lennie Irvin English 1301-279 April 29, 2012 Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? There are many controversies that surround juveniles being rehabilitated rather than going through the adult justice system, but studies show that juveniles are not fully developed to be tried as an adult. One of the main questions that it always boils down to is â€Å"should juveniles be tried as adults?† in my opinion juveniles should not be tried as adults because of their age. First, I believe that juveniles should not be tried as adults because their mentalities are not fully developed. Children are often unable to consider the long term consequences of their actions, have difficulty taking the perspective of others, and typically have†¦show more content†¦If we simply send juveniles through the adult justice system it might make them worse individuals. For instance, since their minds are still growing, by being around worse criminals they may pick on their criminal traits. Some juveniles that went through traumatic experiences which led to their sentencing will be able to get to the roots of their issues, since the counselors will be there to guide them. Finally, I believe that by being rehabilitated the juvenile will have a better chance at life because eventually they will be back in society. Juveniles that go through the rehabilitation process will be able to have a clean record after they reach 18, where as the exact opposite if they went through the adult justice system. When they get out, they will have adult criminal records that aren’t erased. (The New York Times p.28) Once the rehabilitated juveniles are released, they will be able to start a new life. Juveniles will be able to get a job and maybe earn a degree for a specific profession without being viewed a criminal. Since the juvenile will have gone through rehabilitation they will have a different perception on life, and will also understand that for every action there is a reaction. They will make smarter choices and hopefully not want to return to the lifestyle In conclusion I feel that by not trying juveniles as adults it is a better outcome for the child and society. We are also giving the juvenile a second chance at the future that everyoneShow MoreRelatedShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?1017 Words   |  4 Pagesto be growing up earlier as the years go by. Serious crimes committed by juveniles have stayed pretty much the same in the last twenty years, but that is not to say people have not concluded differently. A thanks to laws passed in the ninety’s and more specifically between ninety two and ninety seven, It is easier to try juveniles as adults in the court system. There are multiple pros and cons to juveniles being tried as adult. These arguments range from a crime is a crime to they are not mentallyRead MoreShould Juveniles be tried as Adults?2030 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: SHOULD JUVENILES BE TRIED AS ADULTS? Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? The law states that any person under the age of 18 is classified to be a juvenile and when they commit a crime they are tried in the juvenile court system. Although this is true with most cases there are times when the state will allow youths under the age of 18 to be tried as adults. This differs from state to state as eachRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?4864 Words   |  20 PagesShould juveniles be tried as adults? In my opinion I think they should because when you turn a certain age, you gain certain privileges. â€Å"You achieve certain rewards such as voting rights, the ability to purchase a house, the ability to purchase tobacco products at the local gas station, but most importantly the ability to be held responsible for your actions. When you turn 18 a whole other world opens for you, and that’s because an 18-year-old is considered an adult in nearly every state, whichRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pag esevery day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one for the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent that the family is unable to recognize the victim or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be held accountable for their actions? At what ageRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Tried As Adults1964 Words   |  8 Pagescommit an adult crime then you should be charged as an adult as well. Teenagers should be tried as adults for the violent crimes that they commit. In today’s generation, there are a lot of crimes taking place. Adults aren’t the only ones that are committing the crimes, teenagers are as well. If you are old enough to do the crime, you are old enough to do the time. Juveniles should be responsible for their own actions and they should be held accountable for the decisions they make. Juveniles do violentRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1497 Words   |  6 PagesWhether juveniles should be tried as adults in the justice system or not, has been an ongoing debate for many people. There has been many cases throughout time where people under the age of 18 have been tried as adults in the justice system. Information about this debate can be found in articles, novels, and podcasts. Typically people who are under the age of 18 are identified as a juvenile delinquent and go through different procedures after committing a crime. There is many examples and evidenceRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1494 Words   |  6 Pages Juveniles should not be tried as adults because it is proven that children are incapable of making a rational, mature decision on their own. Adolescents have a shorter experience in the world, their brains are still developing, they do not have the same responsibilities or rights as adults and they are easily influenced at this age. Let s say a child around the age of twelve is playing with two other friends at his house. His mother and father both work constantly so these children are alone.Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?2843 Words   |  12 PagesUnder most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes. They commit delinquent acts, some of which are acts that would constitute crimes if committed by an adult. The trial phase of a juvenile case is an adjudication hearing.(Should juveniles be tried as adults? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120602234650AAayOa2) This means that the judge listens to evidence presented and make the determination on whether the child is delinquent.The courtRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesA Juvenile Delinquent Heinous crimes are committed every day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one of the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent the family is unable to recognize the victim, or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be

Qualitative Tests of Carbohydrates Essay - 1238 Words

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATES Final Lab Report Submitted by Brittany Fitzgerald 545301 Prepared for Nancy Cook Chemistry 3501 Monday November 26, 2012 RESULTS PART A: As a result of the Benedict’s test on various sugar solutions, it was found that galactose, mannose, arabinose, ribose, lactose, fructose, maltose, and cellobiose tested positively and therefore are considered reducing sugars. Glucose, starch, sucrose, and methyl-D-glucopyranoside on the other hand tested negatively and therefore are considered non-reducing sugars. Table 1. Results of Benedict’s test on various sugar solutions Sugar Solution | Color | Clarity | Glucose | Bright blue with orange tint on top | Clear | Galactose | Brown†¦show more content†¦These sugar solutions have the ability to reduce the copper (II) ions found in the Benedict’s reagent to produce copper (I) oxide, resulting in an alteration in color. Glucose, starch, sucrose, and methyl-D-glucopyranoside on the other hand tested negatively and therefore are considered non-reducing sugars. PART B: Seliwanoff’s test uses 6M hydrochloric acid as the dehydrating acid that differentiates a ketohexose from an aldohexose. A ketohexose (a 6-carbon sugar containing a ketone), such as fructofuranose dehydrates rapidly to yield 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, whereas an aldohexose (a 6-carbon sugar containing an aldehyde) on the other hand reacts more slowly but ultimately results in the same overall product (Mount Saint Vincent University, 2012). Once the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is produced it reacts with the resorcinol (a condensation reagent) of Seliwanoff’s reagent to form a deep rep condensation product. The colors and the rates in which they form are used to differentiate carbohydrates between ketoses and aldoses. As a result of the Seliwanoff’s test on various carbohydrates, it was found that only fructose and sucrose created a change in color. Sucrose gives a positive test as it is a disaccharide that consists of both fructose and glucose, therefore the fructoseShow MoreRelatedDetermination Of Blood Glucose Levels And Qualitative Carbohydrate Tests1507 Words   |  7 PagesPractical Report (Determination of blood glucose levels and qualitative carbohydrate tests) Introduction: The term ‘’Carbohydrates’’ is defined as the carbon compounds which contains hydroxyl groups in large quantities (King, 2013). Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which have the empirical formula CnH2nOn, or (CH2O)n (Fromm 1997). Carbohydrates are one of the four types of organic compounds in living cells that are produces during photosynthesis and are the important source of energy inRead MoreLab Report On Carbohydrates1285 Words   |  6 PagesCarbohydrates are compounds consisting of carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens. There are four different types of groups. Monosaccharides are one group such as glucose. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together such as sucrose. Polysaccharides are large chains of monosaccharides bonded together such as starch. Oligosaccharides are small chains of monosaccharides. This lab uses six different carbohydrates. Those carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, ribose, lactose, sucrose, and starch. GlucoseRead MoreC hemical Structure Of Milk And Its Chemical Components1568 Words   |  7 PagesOlivia Isaacs C127 23 October 2014 Chemical Structure of Milk Objective: In this experiment, milk is separated into its different chemical components and qualitative tests are used to determine what the components are composed of and to determine the chemical structures. Introduction: Milk is composed of protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proteins consist of balanced negative and positive charges, which allow it to be soluble in milk. By adding an acid to the milk, the solubilityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Chemical Components Of Milk1641 Words   |  7 Pagesproduct separation in order to identify the major components of milk. Also, students were asked to use qualitative analytical tests in order to assign polar or non-polar properties to a component based on the separation scheme that was created from the separation. Introduction: Milk is a complex liquid that is composed of numerous different substances. Those substances include energy, water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and minor biological proteins and enzymes (Milk Facts). WaterRead MoreOrganic Compounds Lab Report Essay703 Words   |  3 Pages 11/12/07 1. Background Organic compounds are, by definition, any chemical compound containing carbon. These compounds include carbohydrates, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each one of these compounds has a different purpose. Carbohydrates give energy to cells when consumed. Lipids are basically the fats of a cell. Proteins are the building blocks of muscle in a cell. Nucleic acids are used to transfer genetic informationRead MoreCOMPARATIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.1695 Words   |  7 PagesCOMPARATIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET. CHEMISTRY PROJECT On Content of Cold Drinks Available in the Market Poison vs. Nutrition AIM COMPARATIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET. CERTIFICATE It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter a nd the related data collection and investigation has been completedRead MoreTest 12 Different Aqueous Solutions Containing Macromolecules1062 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this lab was to test 12 different aqueous solutions containing macromolecules, 11 of which were controls while the final one was an unknown. Three different test were carried on each of the 12 samples. The first was an iodine test for the presents of either starch and glycogen in the sample. Iodine is a clear colourless liquid before being added to any of the solutions. The way starch is identified is by the solution turning blue-black.The solution does this becauseRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Is A Life Long Auto-Immune Condition Where1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmeters which will give you a reading. Your doctor will advise you when and how you should test your blood glucose levels as well as how many tests are needed and the levels you need to aim for (Diabetes Australia n.d.). Nutrition Whilst the development of type 1 diabetes is not associated with obesity or an inactive lifestyle, it is particularly important to consider the type and quantity of carbohydrates you eat. As well as the timing of the meals relative to the administration of insulin to achieveRead MorePsychology - Obesity Case1177 Words   |  5 Pages1) Select a topic that you are interested in (in form of variable), start from general idea or area, attach your reading in your portfolio: Answer: The topic that we are going to test and discuss is Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which it is an accumulation of excessive to the extent of causing health problems and reducing the life expectancy. 2) Discuss the topic with your activities group, report what you learned from the discussion: Answer: What we concludedRead MoreDonatos Pizza Case Study1272 Words   |  6 PagesDonato s the map of research design ,creating effective organization designs is more important than implement the new product strategy.Donato s must have organizational structure that compatible with their strategy to be successful.Donato s low-carbohydrate pizza research shows how the company collapsed its normal product-development research process to take advantage of a current trend.The map of research design is used by the donatos for the new product development No Dough Pizza , there are

New Manager of Human Resource free essay sample

Discuss the relationship between corporate human resources structure andoperations at the plant level. What impact, if any, did that relationship have on thesituation described by Newcombe? Answer: After investigation of Mount Ridge Engineerings corporate human resource structure and plant operation procedures, in my opinion currently the relationships between humanresource policies and actual plant operations are very weak. Although we can say that thehuman resource department has established a fairly complete set of procedures and policies,the actual implementation of the policies at plant level operations do not seem to be thoroughenough, no employee implement those rules. Especially, the staffing function is very weak. There is no proper linkage between corporate HR structure and operations at the plant level. In other word there is no chain of command kind of linkage between them. It seems thatoperations office can do the HR functions by themselves like hire and fire which is in factcorporate HR departments sole function. Even in the termination form there is onlyEmployees signature and Plant supervisors signature i. e. no control of the corporate HR department at all. The leave reason seems to be written by the supervisor not the employee,this is not logical. In fact, forcing a person for signing on the blank form of termination noticeis completely illegal and against labor act (if the allegation of Johnson is true). This maycreate a big legal problem in future. Here are the examples which show the fuzzy relationship between corporate human resourcestructure and operations at the plant level:1. What Johnson had done was out of his job description or employee handbook:Johnson would like to have a promotion due to know a good deal about the equipmentoperators job. But seems the standard promotion channel was not set up or Braxtondidn follow the system when doing evaluation. Hence Johnson did a lots but stillcouldnt get the promotion from Braxton. 2. Johnson didnt follow personnel regulations when hes absent: As Johnson was notsatisfied with the annual evaluation, hence, he was absent without notifying his boss. 3. Braxton took advantage of his authority to terminate Johnson. Because on thetermination letter his signature was enough to terminate him (while making Johnsonto sign on the blank form, as per allegation). There are several causes for this situation:1. Rapid expansion preventing proper dissemination of human resource policies. 2. Lack of comprehensive human resource training program. 3. Lack of proper human resource related internal controls. 4. Retention culture has not yet developed (to hire a new staff is more expensive than toretain the old staff). Due to the above fuzzy relationship between corporate HR structure and operations at plant ithas created a long term negative impact on the whole organization itself. As described by Newcobe, one of their biggest problems has been getting management-especially plantmanagement to understand the legal and governmental regulations affecting HR procedures. Over the years there have been situations where supervisors have not followed company policy. An example of this adverse impact is Johnsons case. Though Newcombe had alreadydeveloped many benefit packages of human resource as company policies at the beginning,seems nobody followed. Such as, Johnson didnt notify his supervisor when hes absent,Braxton added the incorrect reason through the termination form for Johnsons leave, and the job Johnson did was out of employee handbook. O ne of the important goals of the company is to remain nonunion. But if the situation getmore bad shape there may be chance of discrimination, deprivation and finally the companycan get unionized. If the situation gets continued, the company can even get warning or punishment from department of labor, which will adversely affect the competitive advantage. How should Newcombe have handled this situation? Answer: Newcombe should first investigate whether allegations made by Bud Johnson are true or not. A fair decision cannot be made without hearing from both sides in an unbiased manner. Sheneeds to investigate if there were any friction between Braxton and Johnson. After allinvestigations, if she finds that Braxton is to be blamed for all the mess, then necessarydisciplinary actions should be taken against Braxton according to companys policy. Here are some alternative solutions to Newcombe to handle this situation:1. C rrecting the leave reason for Johnson as per his request and dont let the issue to gooutside the organization. Try to retain Johnson by incrementing reasonable amount in salary (fulfilling hismajor motivation factor). Because he deserves higher salary as per his extraordinary performance ( several times he had handled equipment operators problem that no oneelse could handle). 3. Re-designing the termination form and process procedure : The HR department should be involved in the sign loop, employees should maintain the reason of leave and norevise of the termination form is allowed. For the process procedure, all terminationforms should be feedback to HR department, and the employees should have theinterview with HR department as well. 4. Maintain a HR officer in each plant. If it is expensive, at least corporate office cantrain a person in each plant to look after the HR function and report to the corporateHR Department. 5. Auditing each department to know if it implement company policy or not. 6. Setting up a communication channel for employees to highlight or for relatedsupervisors to ask help7. Reviewing the employee handbook and make sure that all managers know theemployee handbook is a legal concern as well. (Due to a jury construed the handbook as a contract of employment that was breached by the employer. ) C onsidering the company current policy that was low cost production, the short-term bestalternative will be ? Re-design the termination form and process procedure?. And in order tomake sure all related departments all clear with company policies, auditing activity can beheld at the end of the year. Hiring of additional HR personnel is also necessary to supportrelated activities. Q3. What, if any, disciplinary action should have been taken against the plantsuperintendent (Braxton) at the time of the incident? Answer: First of all, before taking any disciplinary action the higher authority of corporate HR department shall listen to the arguments of both Braxton and Johnson. To verify abouttheir arguments, management can take interview of their respective colleagues andsupervisors independently. Here all allegations made by Johnson may not be 100% true.

Shabba Essays - Peripheral Nervous System, Sensory Systems

Shabba Chapter 12 Neural Tissue An Introduction to the Nervous System The Nervous System Includes all neural tissue in the body Neural tissue contains two kinds of cells 1.Neurons Cells that send and receive signals 2.Neuroglia (glial cells) Cells that support and protect neurons Organs of the Nervous System Brain and spinal cord Sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes, ears, etc.) Nerves connect nervous system with other systems 12-1 Divisions of the Nervous System Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) The Central Nervous System (CNS) Consists of the spinal cord and brain Contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels Functions of the CNS are to process and coordinate: Sensory data from inside and outside body Motor commands control activities of peripheral organs (e.g., skeletal muscles) Higher functions of brain intelligence, memory, learning, emotion The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS Functions of the PNS Deliver sensory information to the CNS Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems Nerves (also called peripheral nerves) Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels Carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS Cranial nerves connect to brain Spinal nerves attach to spinal cord Functional Divisions of the PNS Afferent division Carries sensory information From PNS sensory receptors to CNS Efferent division Carries motor commands From CNS to PNS muscles and glands Receptors and effectors of afferent division Receptors Detect changes or respond to stimuli Neurons and specialized cells Complex sensory organs (e.g., eyes, ears) Effectors Respond to efferent signals Cells and organs The efferent division Somatic nervous system (SNS) Controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle skeletal contractions The efferent division Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions Sympathetic division has a stimulating effect Parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect 12-2 Neurons Neurons The basic functional units of the nervous system The structure of neurons The multipolar neuron Common in the CNS Cell body (soma) Short, branched dendrites Long, single axon The Cell Body Large nucleus and nucleolus Perikaryon (cytoplasm) Mitochondria (produce energy) RER and ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters) Cytoskeleton Neurofilaments and neurotubules in place of microfilaments and microtubules Neurofibrils: bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon Nissl bodies Dense areas of RER and ribosomes Make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter) Dendrites Highly branched Dendritic spines Many fine processes Receive information from other neurons 8090% of neuron surface area The axon Is long Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target Axon structure is critical to function Structures of the Axon Axoplasm Cytoplasm of axon Contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, enzymes, organelles Axolemma Specialized cell membrane Covers the axoplasm Axon hillock Thick section of cell body Attaches to initial segment Initial segment Attaches to axon hillock Collaterals Branches of a single axon Telodendria Fine extensions of distal axon Synaptic terminals Tips of telodendria The Structure of Neurons The synapse Area where a neuron communicates with another cell Presynaptic cell Neuron that sends message Postsynaptic cell Cell that receives message The synaptic cleft The small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane The synaptic terminal Is expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Are chemical messengers Are released at presynaptic membrane Affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane Are broken down by enzymes Are reassembled at synaptic terminal Recycling Neurotransmitters Axoplasmic transport Neurotubules within the axon Transport raw materials Between cell body and synaptic terminal Powered by mitochondria, kinesin, and dynein Types of Synapses Neuromuscular junction Synapse between neuron and muscle Neuroglandular junction Synapse between neuron and gland Structural Classification of Neurons Anaxonic neurons Found in brain and sense organs Bipolar neurons Found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing) Unipolar neurons Found in sensory neurons of PNS Multipolar neurons Common in the CNS Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons Anaxonic Neurons Small All cell processes look alike Bipolar Neurons Are small One dendrite, one axon Unipolar Neurons Also called pseudounipolar neurons Have very long axons Fused dendrites and axon Cell body to one side Multipolar Neurons Have very long axons Multiple dendrites, one axon Three Functional Classifications of Neurons 1.Sensory neurons Afferent neurons of PNS 2.Motor neurons Efferent neurons of PNS 3.Interneurons Association neurons Functions of Sensory Neurons Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons) Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons) Structures of Sensory Neurons Unipolar Cell bodies grouped in sensory ganglia Processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS Three Types of Sensory Receptors 1.Interoceptors Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive) Internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain) 2.Exteroceptors External senses (touch, temperature, pressure) Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing) 3.Proprioceptors Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints) Motor Neurons Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors Via efferent fibers (axons) Two major efferent systems 1.Somatic nervous system (SNS) Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles 2.Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS) Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue Two groups of efferent axons Signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia dividing axons into: Preganglionic

Sample Media Interview Qa free essay sample

Sample Media Interview QA Internal Question Answer (QA) documents are often developed to prepare media spokespersons for interviews and include tougher questions than FAQs. Internal QAs also include areas of vulnerability (e. g. who is to blame and could the medical response have been quicker? ) Use the sample QAs below as a guide to create your own during a crisis event. Q: What happened? (Examples: How many people were injured or killed? How much property damage occurred? ) A: At approximately XX:XX, an incident was reported at (location). The details at this point are unknown, however we are working very closely with local emergency response agencies to ensure that the safety of the surrounding community remains the number one priority. Q: Was this a terrorist incident? A: An investigation is taking place and we will update you with details from that investigation as we receive them. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Media Interview Qa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right now, however, our greatest concern is for the welfare of the victims and their families. Q: When did it happen? A: Early reports indicate that the incident happened at approximately XX:XX. Q: Who is to blame? A: The details at this point are unknown. An investigation is taking place and we will update you with details from that investigation as we receive them. Right now, our main focus is on rescue efforts and on the well-being of the victims and their families. Q: Has this ever happened before? A: I will be happy to research that and get back to you, right now we are focused on the incident at hand, and on making sure that members of the surrounding community are safe. Q: Who was involved? A: In order to protect the privacy of those involved, we are withholding the release of victims’ names pending notification of family members. Q: Why did it happen? What was the cause? A: Those details will be investigated. Right now our primary concern is for the welfare of the victims and their families. Q: Will there be inconvenience to the public? A: That information will become available once the damage is assessed by local emergency response agencies. If we gather future information, we will be sure to pass it along. Q: When will we find out more? A: Our company, along with our local emergency response agencies, will be providing updates throughout the day. We encourage you to check our website at www. xxxxxx. com for up-to-the-minute information.

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine When todays doctors prescribe an antibiotic to fight infection, they are trying to put the patients body back in balance. While the drugs and medical explanation may be new, this art of equilibrium has been practiced since  Hippocrates day.   I do anatomize and cut up these poor beasts, he said to Hippocrates, to see the cause of these distempers, vanities, and follies, which are the burden of all creatures.- Democritus - The History of Melancholy Humors Corresponding With  the Seasons and Elements In the Hippocratic corpus (believed not to be the work of a single man of that name) disease was thought to be caused by isonomia, the preponderance of one of the four bodily humors: Yellow BileBlack BilePhlegmBlood Four humors matched the four seasons: Autumn: black bileSpring: bloodWinter: phlegmSummer: yellow bile Each of the humors was  associated with one of the four equal and universal elements: EarthAirFireWater Posited by Empedocles: Aristotle, who used the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile. Black bile, just like the juice of grapes, contains pneuma, which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia. Black bile like wine is prone to ferment and produce an alternation of depression and anger...-From Linets The History of Melancholy Earth corresponds with  black bile.  Too much earth made one  melancholic.Air corresponds with blood. Too much air,  sanguine.Fire  corresponds with  yellow bile.  Too much fire,  choleric.Water  corresponds with  phlegm.  Too much water,  phlegmatic. Finally, each element/humor/season was associated with certain qualities. Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry. Its opposite, phlegm (the mucus of colds), was cold and moist. Black Bile was cold and dry, while its opposite, blood was hot and moist. Black Bile: Cold and DryBlood: Hot and MoistPhlegm: Cold and MoistYellow Bile: Hot and Dry As a first step, the prudent Hippocratic physician would prescribe a regimen of diet, activity, and exercise, designed to void the body of the imbalanced humor. According to Gary Lindquesters History of Human Disease,  if it was a fevera hot, dry diseasethe culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine. Resorting to Drugs If the regimen didnt work the next course would be with drugs, often hellebore, a potent poison that would cause vomiting and diarrhea, signs the imbalanced humor was eliminated. Observation of Anatomy We might assume such Hippocratic ideas sprang from speculation rather than experimentation, but observation played a key role. Furthermore, it would be simplistic to say ancient Greco-Roman doctors never practiced human dissection. If nothing else, doctors had anatomical experience dealing with war wounds. But especially during the Hellenistic period, there was extensive contact with the Egyptians whose embalming techniques involved removing bodily organs. In the third century, B.C. vivisection was permitted in Alexandria where living criminals may have been put to the knife. Still, we believe Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, among others, only dissected animal bodies, not human. So mans internal structure was known primarily through analogy with animals, inferences from the externally visible structures, from natural philosophy, and from function. Evaluating the Humoral Theory Such ideas might seem far-fetched today, but Hippocratic medicine was a great advance over the supernatural model that had preceded it. Even if individuals had understood enough about contagion to realize rodents were involved somehow, it was still the Homeric Apollo, the mouse god, who caused it. The Hippocratic etiology based on nature permitted diagnosis and treatment of symptoms with something other than prayer and sacrifice. Besides, we rely on similar analogies today, in Jungian personality types and ayurvedic medicine, to name two. These men demonstrated that when the nutriment becomes altered in the veins by the innate heat, blood is produced when it is in moderation, and the other humours when it is not in proper proportion.-Galen, On the Natural Faculties Bk II Black Bile Cold and Dry Too much earth Melancholic Autumn Blood Hot and Moist Too much air Sanguine Sping Phlegm Cold and Moist Too much water Phlegmatic Winter Yellow Bile Hot and Dry Too much fire Choleric Summer S​ources   www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol2no2/v2n2_The_History_of_Melancholy.html  Ã‚  www.astro.virginia.edu/~eww6n/bios/HippocratesofCos.html]www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/textn.htm accessedviator.ucs.indiana.edu/~ancmed/foundations.htm]  www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htmwww.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htm

German Syntax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

German Syntax - Essay Example 2.0 Word Order2.0 Word Order German is considered an SVO language (Fagan 146), which means that the underlying word order is Subject-Verb-Object in a phrase. 1)    Seine       Mutter      trinkt Whisky.              Ã‚     [subj-his mother]       [verb-drink]   [obj-whisky]           His mother drinks whisky.    (Collins 175)Sentence 1 demonstrates the most common word order in German; it is a declarative sentence and has only one main clause (Weyerts et al. 216). So the verb is in second position in a sentence that is complete and can stand alone; in other words in an independent clause. Weyerts et al. claim that â€Å"it is always a finite verb or auxiliary that appears in second position, and it only appears there in main clauses† (216).Double clause sentences are constructed in a similar way. If two independent or main clauses are joined with a conjunction, the word order remains as SVO in both clauses. Sentence 2 is an example of two independent clauses joined with a conjunction.   2)    Wir                   wollten                     ins       Kino,                        aber          wir                hatten  [subj-we] [verb-wanted] [indir. obj- to cinema] [conj-but] [subj-we] [verb-had]  kein      Geld[direct obj-no money]

Discuss the impact of British colonial rule, and in particular the Essay

Discuss the impact of British colonial rule, and in particular the regulations regarding witchcraft accusations and oracles, on the framing and methods of Evans - Essay Example Most of the world’s knowledge of witchcraft during that period and beyond in fact came down from Western Europe, where it was believed that many people practiced witchcraft, something considered evil and frightening. Scholars believe that witchcraft in Europe was part of a very ancient religion that existed long before Christianity. Thousands of witch trials were held there at which people were accused of witchcraft. These witch trials were later replicated in massive proportions in Salem, Massachussets in the US, another former British colony, where suspected witches were hanged and burned at the stake. So it must have been nothing new for the British to come upon the practice of witchcraft in many African territories that they colonized. Much like their forbears in the Middle Ages, their reaction to witchcraft in Africa was one of fear followed by a desire to persecute and eliminate the source of that fear. This is exactly what the British tried to do in Azande, a territory that straddles the boundaries of Sudan, Zaire and the Central African Republic. Under the 1899 Anglo-French Convention, the French who competed and fought with the British in Africa ceded the Azande to the British. Forthwith, the British established a military outpost there which military occupation gave way to civil administration in 1920. The Azandes lived in the watershed area between the Nile and Congo rivers to which they were resettled from the wilderness by the British after the first World War. They never returned to the jungles. When the British gave Azande some independence, it set up a civil service system manned by career people generally from the upper classes in England. A British colonial governor and a legislative council ruled the territory alongside the native chieftains. One of the first steps taken

Offshore Outsourcing and the Globalization of Australian Services Research Paper

Offshore Outsourcing and the Globalization of Australian Services - Research Paper Example The study will examine the affects of offshore outsourcing as an implication of the process of globalization on the Australian through the primary and secondary research. Liptrot suggests that â€Å"Globalization is not a phenomenon. It is not some passing trend. The present research has identified that today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it†. Another view of globalization is put forward by Porter who is of the opinion that â€Å"Globalization is much like fire. The fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize water, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy homes and forests in an instant†. Both of these definitions provide a newer view of globalization that is not restricted in any way. The paper tells that offshore outsourcing in Australia has remained in the spotlight for a few years now and the close ti es that Australian companies have with US-based companies serve as stimulants for offshore outsourcing in the region. The author has rightly presented that offshore outsourcing is expected to acquire momentum in Australia in the following years as globalization continues to have implications on industries around the world. While Australian has become well known for IT-based outsourcing, the region is steadily developing a reputation for outsourcing in more areas.

The Restorative Justice Aims And Consequences Criminology Essay

The Restorative Justice Aims And Consequences Criminology Essay The rationale behind this assignment is to highlight restorative justice and the aspects of it, in terms of how it differs from the traditional legal justice system. This will include a critical analysis of restorative justice while evaluating its strengths and weaknesses as a different approach to crime control. I will identify underlying theory, legislation and policy that brought restorative justice to the forefront of opinion, and specifically relate it to the Northern Ireland criminal justice system. The aim is to identify if it is a meaningful system to all parties involved and why/if it is necessary in the present criminal justice system. Introduction In an age of hoodie culture and prison overcrowding, questions are being asked over the efficacy of the criminal justice system and how much of a deterrent from crime it really is. Following a long period of differing regimes, such as retribution, rehabilitation and restructure, all competing to be the dominant influence in the criminal justice system, there has emerged a new approach to crime control, that of restorative justice (Hughes, 2001, p247). The aim of this approach is to provide an opportunity for the rehabilitation of the offender, as well as punishment of the criminal behaviour, with a central role in regards to the rights of, and provision of justice for the victim (Hughes, 2001, p248). The commonly accepted definition of restorative justice is; Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offence collectively resolve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999, p5). According to Hughes (2001) Restorative justice aims to bring the process of criminality back into the community, enabling all parties affected by criminal behaviour to be involved in working towards resolution and future planning (Hughes, 2001, p248). This is a new concept, as traditionally criminal justice was retributive and aimed only to address the offence by punishing the offender. In recent years, restorative justice has been a process that has been adopted by an international audience, particularly the USA, Australia and New Zealand, each employing it to address some of the traditional concerns of the formal justice system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484) i.e. the effectiveness of prison acting as a deterrent for crime, or victims lack of inclusion in the criminal justice process. The new restorative justice system aims to move away from the traditional notions of retribution into a new context of restoration. Most international practices are supported by Braithwaites (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming, which exerts the idea that the offender should be encouraged to experience shame for their actions and work towards absolution (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). The process attempts to repair the relationship between the victim and the offender and begin a healing process designed to meet the needs of the victims, whilst also reintegrating the offender into so ciety (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). Braithwaites theory is based on the proposal that the process of restorative justice will address the needs of the victim materially, emotionally and psychologically, whilst also helping them emerge from the process with more respect for the system (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p484). Another theory of restorative justice was first introduced by the New Zealand Maori and their principles of collective responsibility, where restorative justice seeks to decentre the states status as the responsibility of dealing with crime (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). Instead, operating by drawing together all those involved in an offence to an environment, promoting equal power relations, while discussing the harm caused, and jointly agreeing on how reformation can be made (Tauri and Morris, 2003, p44). A central component to restorative justice is that the community is seen to be a key stakeholder in the offence (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This can take a variety of forms, from the vicinity in which the offender and victim live, or their wider social networks of family, friends and colleagues (Zehr and Mika, 2003, p41). This allows for comprehensive information sharing beyond that of only the offender and victim, so that the scale of the harm caused by the offender can be explor ed. This is the main difference between the formal justice system and that of restorative justice, where all parties can contribute information of the offence and the harm caused, while also having an involvement into meaningful reparation. Restorative Justice in practice Restorative justice in practice is a relatively new concept in the UK, having elements such as reparation orders in the Crime and Disorder Act (1998), and referral orders in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999) (Crawford and Newburn, 2002, pp476-478). Within Northern Ireland it was the Criminal Justice Review (CJR) (2000) which provided recommendations to involve victims in the criminal justice process and develop restorative justice approaches for juvenile offenders. The review concluded that restorative practices for adult offenders and young adult offenders (aged 18-21) be piloted and evaluated before whole schemes are introduced (Criminal Justice Review, 2000, p203). Since then, within the UK and indeed internationally, there are the three common practices of restorative justice used within the criminal justice system, these are; 1) Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM) a face-to-face meeting with a trained mediator, the offender and the victim to discuss the offence and reparation. VOM is predominantly offered to incarcerated offenders. 2) Family Group Conferencing (FGC) in Youth Justice is open to a wider number of participants including the offender, victim, victims family and professionals who are linked to either party, where the aim is to resolve conflict or behaviour, and discuss reparation. Specifically used within youth justice as an alternative to formal prosecution, encouraging offenders to achieve empathy towards their victim, while also assuming responsibility for their behaviour. 3) Restorative/Community Conferencing Open to a wider circle of participants including the offender, victim, both families and members of the community who di scuss the offence and how to repair the harm caused. Conferences hold the offender accountable, but also offer reintegration into the community. (Extracted from www.restorativejustice.org.uk) FGC in youth justice is seen as one of the most successful models of restorative justice, widely used internationally in New Zealand, Australia and parts of the USA, and gaining momentum in the UK (OMahony and Doak, 2004, p485). FGC aims to be an alternative to formal prosecution, providing the offender, victim and families with an opportunity to understand the offence and the implications of it. The main aim of FGC as a form of restorative justice seems to exist to prevent younger people becoming implicated in the adult criminal justice system, having countless disadvantages for their future. FGC specifically seems to be effective as it uses a holistic understanding of the offence. It incorporates collaboration between the offender, victim and community i.e. friends and family, to find suitable resolution to the offence. This perhaps creates a more person centred justice system realising each persons needs are different but equally important. A reflection of this on a wider scale is that should the reparation fit the people rather than the crime? Restorative justice practice shows that it is necessary to meet all parties needs, and not just the offenders. This relates to changes in policy which recognises the victim as a central aspect of the criminal justice process. In other areas of the criminal justice system, such as with adult offenders and serious crimes, restorative justice only operates within the already established systems of punishment. Restorative justice is not used to substitute traditional measures, i.e. retribution, but to work alongside them. Restorative justice for serious crimes is not used unaccompanied without formal justice, as legislation and policy do not currently permit it. Marshall (1999, p7) claims restorative justice should be used with serious offences as there is more to gain in regards to victim benefits, and also crime prevention. However, it remains to be seen if this could be functional as the only form of justice, and without punitive measures would the behaviour be negatively reinforced? Within Northern Ireland restorative justice is a relatively new concept which has been introduced under different circumstances and will be discussed below. Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland As mentioned earlier restorative justice in Northern Ireland was a result of the recommendations made from the Criminal Justice Review (2000), and the Justice (NI) Act (2002); each identifying that the victim should be central in the criminal justice process. This became the state led restorative justice approach, but a community based restorative programme was unique to Northern Ireland and the Troubles at that time. Restorative justice and theory became prominent during the Northern Ireland peace process as an alternative to paramilitary violence (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p2). First introduced from the Good Friday Agreement (1999), community projects were established, in part, to remove paramilitary policing, while reflecting the desire for community-based justice (Gormally, 2006). Projects were established in both communities Northern Ireland Alternatives on the Loyalist side and Community Restorative Justice Ireland on the Republican side (Gormally, 2006). Both projects now operat e successfully throughout Northern Ireland, each having numerous locations. The main agenda for the projects are to provide victim-offender mediation and reparation of the communities, with the community playing a significant role in each. It is also indicated that beyond the non-violent alternatives to paramilitaries, the projects now extend into broader mediation and conflict work (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p7). Critics of the community-based projects claim that paramilitary violence still occurs, only under the respectable cover of these schemes (www.mediationnorthernIreland.org) leading to questions being asked about its legitimacy. However, evaluation of the projects show punishment violence related to crime and anti-social behaviour has decreased dramatically within each community (McEvoy and Mika, 2002, p8). As well as the strengths of restorative justice and the benefits it provides it is also necessary to discuss possible draw-backs in order to be fully aware of the system. This will be discussed below. Critical Analysis of Restorative Justice Restorative justice, as mentioned earlier, has a strong theoretical basis and practical application. However, as it is a relatively new concept it is imperative to discuss potential shortcomings as well as benefits in relation to retributive forms of justice. The four main criticisms that will be discussed below will relate to the offender, community, victim and retribution in relation to restorative justice. Offender: The principles of restorative justice are about redefining crime as harm and giving stakeholders a share of power (Marshall, 1999, p6). The benefits of this are well documented in practice, especially within youth justice, with the young offender more likely to complete reparation plans if they themselves have helped construct them. However, it remains to be seen if this practice is completely ethical. When facing a victim, in a room full of strangers and perhaps their own parents, a young person is likely to comply to any measures, without dispute, in order to hasten proceedings (Daly, 2002). The victim may also be revengeful or unforgiving and want a harsher punishment with pressure on the young person to agree, creating a power imbalance similar to punitive measures. The young person may then regret volunteering for the restorative process, aiding the break down of restorative plans, making the process ineffective and meaningless. Community: Possibly one of the biggest critiques of restorative justice is its reliance on community relationships, with the community playing a large role in the reintegration of the offender back into society. Marshall (1999) claims that communities are not as integrated as they once were, with many individuals wanting greater privacy and self-sufficiency. Leading to questions; who are the community and how can they play a significant role in the rehabilitation of the offender? According to Zehr and Mika (2003) the community can take a variety of forms, for example, the neighbourhood where the offender and victim live, or their closer social networks of family, friends and colleagues. Braithwaites (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming claims that strong relationships within the community helps limit wrong-doing because of conscience and anxiety. For those offenders that commit crime shaming then is an integral part, not only for reintegration, but for crime prevention. Restorative justice th en needs community and family relationships to be effective, if the offender does not take responsibility for their crime or feel shame, then they cannot be rehabilitated correctly or reintegrated into society. Does restorative justice then have its downfall if there is no bond to society? Victim: Another criticism of restorative justice is that it is open to offender manipulation and other symbolic implications. Is it seen as an easy option? Perhaps it is all too easy for an offender to say sorry and ask for forgiveness, without actually being punished appropriately for their actions. Daly and Stubbs (2006) claim that without treating offences seriously, the wrong message can be conveyed to the offender e.g. that their behaviour is acceptable, and therefore reinforced, leading the victim to feel injustice and therefore re-victimised. This is one of the major downfalls when it comes to adult restorative justice; if it was the only form of justice it is open to manipulation and coercion of the offender. Retribution vs. Restoration: The main question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist without retribution and the formal justice system? In regards to juvenile court it is possible to exist alone, if the offence is minor. But for adult offenders, with major offences, the process is not so simple. According to Meads psychology of punitive justice (cited in Daly, 2002, p59) there are two contrasting methods responding to crime. 1) The attitude and hostility toward the law breaker, which brings attitudes of retribution, repression, and exclusion which identifies the offender as the enemy, and 2) Outlined in youth justice, is the reconstructive attitude, which tries to understand the causes of social and individual breakdown not to place punishment, but to obtain future results. It is a contrasting method which identifies differing views, which is fundamentally what restorative and retributive justice represent. The question that needs to be addressed is can restorative justice exist alone as a justice system for all crimes? According to Morris (2002, p601) it shouldnt have to meet the standards of conventional criminal justice, but just consider what it has already achieved, and what it can still achieve. It is now accepted that restorative justice should be used to integrate with traditional forms of justice, to provide an effective service to all those involved to offer a whole justice (Marshall, 1999, p8). Marshall (1999, p8) claims both forms of justice should now support each other to become a single system in which the community and formal resources can work in partnership. Nevertheless, without current legislation or policy that governs restorative justice practice, this leaves the projects that do exist in Northern Ireland, and the rest of the UK, operating in an informal basis with a lack of safeguards, resources and support to gain proper momentum. The criticisms of restorative justice practice are negative, but research nationally and internationally can show us just how successful it can be, with victims and offenders experiencing greater satisfaction with the processes and outcomes of restorative justice compared with attending court (Ashworth, 2003, p175 and Daly, 2002, p208). Properly done, restorative justice can have many benefits to not only the offender, but to the victim and community as well, providing a balance that is surely the way forward for the criminal justice system. Conclusion The question for this assignment was restorative justice aims to address the consequences of offending for victims, offenders and communities in a meaningful way? Evidence shows that restorative justice works within the youth justice system, but due to restraints on policy and legislation it is limited in the adult justice service. When restorative justice is implemented properly, it is effective at meeting the needs of offenders and victims, but to decide if this is meaningful is based on an individual experience, which I do not possess. On the theory of restoration vs. retribution to combine them, rather than separate them provides all stakeholders with a whole justice, capable of meeting physical, emotional and social needs, while also considering all parties as equal. There are many criticisms of restorative justice, but evidence shows that it is effective and provides reformation far beyond that of retribution. It provides explanation of behaviour, which in itself is meaningful, and is more than traditional methods provide. Restorative justice is an internationally respected system, and identified as a person centred form of justice, representing all parties equally, while balancing reformation with understanding.

Born on the Fourth of July

Born on The 4th of July is a film based on the true story of Ron Kovic, a young, naive man who went to Vietnam in the noble efforts of serving his country – once there, he was shot in the chest and was forever paralyzed. He returned to a United States which didn't believe in the war, and didn't believe in him. He soon grows embittered with life, losing his chances to be a man, condemned to a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He eventually joins the anti-war movement, gets thrown out of the Republican Convention where Richard Nixon is speaking, and finally is allowed to speak at the Democratic National Convention in 1976. The idyllic 1950's to the turbulent 1960's represented a dynamic shift in American culture. The end of World War II prompted a booming economy and the American dream of your own house with the white picket fence was born. Although the 50's were picturesque in some respect the end of WWII entrenched a deep fear of Communism. As America entered Vietnam the conservative ideals of the WWII generation clashed with the rising student and youth awareness. This movie represents a modern view of the Vietnam War era and the transformation that occurred throughout the country with varying degrees of historical accuracy. The opening scene of the movie pictures the mood of the country in the mid to late fifties. It romanticizes war with the parade scene and the kids playing army. This plays on the theme that some war is good, or at least justifiable. Kovic, the main character of the film, is a patriotic person wanting to serve his country and believing that Vietnam would be his chance. . The U. S. became polarized over the war. Many supporters of U. S. involvement argued for what was known as the domino theory, a theory that believed if one country fell to communism, then the bordering countries would be sure to fall as well, much like falling dominoes. This theory was largely held due to the fall of eastern Europe to communism and the Soviet sphere of influence following World War II. In the movie as Kovic and his friends discuss entertaining the Marines the ideas of containment and the domino theory are discussed. Kovic enlist and the Marines, where he fights on the front line of the Vietnam war. He is later shot and thus paralyzed from half of his body. Kovic spends months in a Veteran hospital in Brooklyn, NY. The conditions of this hospital are deplorable. Patients are left to lie in their own fecal matter while they are ignored and mistreated by the Doctors and Nurses. It is then that Kovic begins to see how Americans felt about the war he so proudly went into. By 1970 nearly 50,000 had already been killed and up to 200,000 wounded. Even though this number paled in comparison to the 100,000 South Vietnamese and more than 500,000 North Vietnamese who had died, many Americans thought the number far too high for the mere defense of a strip of jungle on the other side of the world. Morale had fallen to an all-time low both for the families at home and for the men in the field. Veterans’ protest groups such as the Vietnam Veterans Against the War became increasingly vocal, attacking U. S. policy after they came home. Kovic eventually joined this group emerging as a strong voice against the war. The neglect and resentment of veterans was an unfortunate social effect of the war. While after other wars, the soldiers were welcomed back with parades and open arms, the Vietnam veterans were shunned, demeaned and booed. This was accurately depicted in this movie when Kovic returns and is mistreated at the hospital, and during a Fourth of July Parade he is booded at. Since it was such an unpopular war, Americans held veterans responsible for the war, although many of them did not approve of the war either. The veterans' situation was a tough one, especially with little or no support. About 150,000 veterans came home wounded, or amputated, and at least 21,000 were permanently disabled, unable to work for the rest of their lives. Many developed illnesses after the war such as cancers liver disease and rashes, mostly due to exposure to Agent Orange. Having seen the horrors of Vietnam, many veterans were psychologically scarred. Nightmares, anxiety causing flashbacks, and fits of terror from loud noises were common behaviors reported amongst veterans. Approximately 830,000 survivors of Vietnam suffered mental and emotional disorders and showed symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) However many were unable to get the help they needed and deserved, because they were perceived as crazy and dangerous, and even deserving of their circumstance. Economic medical and educational aid was not made available to them right away, and many veterans felt abandoned by the country they served. In trying to deal with this situation, some veterans developed drug or alcohol habits and many felt driven to suicide. As the proud daughter of one of these Vietnam Veterans, I can tell you that this movie was difficult to watch at times. Growing up, most of my memories with my father are going to see him in the Veterans hospital. Therefore, I had the privilege of growing up around many Vietnam war Veterans. I saw firsthand the self medicating of drugs and alcohol. Many times when my sisters and I would visit my father, we never really knew who we were going to get, the fun loving father, or the drugged up father. As I got older my father slowly began to talk about his experiences in Vietnam. My father’s accounts of what happened during the war and after the war, are chilling. This movie accurately depicted many of them, as the stories my father has are not so different from many American Heroes that Served in the Vietnam War. References http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section9.rhtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War Born on the Fourth of July Born on The 4th of July is a film based on the true story of Ron Kovic, a young, naive man who went to Vietnam in the noble efforts of serving his country – once there, he was shot in the chest and was forever paralyzed. He returned to a United States which didn't believe in the war, and didn't believe in him. He soon grows embittered with life, losing his chances to be a man, condemned to a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He eventually joins the anti-war movement, gets thrown out of the Republican Convention where Richard Nixon is speaking, and finally is allowed to speak at the Democratic National Convention in 1976. The idyllic 1950's to the turbulent 1960's represented a dynamic shift in American culture. The end of World War II prompted a booming economy and the American dream of your own house with the white picket fence was born. Although the 50's were picturesque in some respect the end of WWII entrenched a deep fear of Communism. As America entered Vietnam the conservative ideals of the WWII generation clashed with the rising student and youth awareness. This movie represents a modern view of the Vietnam War era and the transformation that occurred throughout the country with varying degrees of historical accuracy. The opening scene of the movie pictures the mood of the country in the mid to late fifties. It romanticizes war with the parade scene and the kids playing army. This plays on the theme that some war is good, or at least justifiable. Kovic, the main character of the film, is a patriotic person wanting to serve his country and believing that Vietnam would be his chance. . The U. S. became polarized over the war. Many supporters of U. S. involvement argued for what was known as the domino theory, a theory that believed if one country fell to communism, then the bordering countries would be sure to fall as well, much like falling dominoes. This theory was largely held due to the fall of eastern Europe to communism and the Soviet sphere of influence following World War II. In the movie as Kovic and his friends discuss entertaining the Marines the ideas of containment and the domino theory are discussed. Kovic enlist and the Marines, where he fights on the front line of the Vietnam war. He is later shot and thus paralyzed from half of his body. Kovic spends months in a Veteran hospital in Brooklyn, NY. The conditions of this hospital are deplorable. Patients are left to lie in their own fecal matter while they are ignored and mistreated by the Doctors and Nurses. It is then that Kovic begins to see how Americans felt about the war he so proudly went into. By 1970 nearly 50,000 had already been killed and up to 200,000 wounded. Even though this number paled in comparison to the 100,000 South Vietnamese and more than 500,000 North Vietnamese who had died, many Americans thought the number far too high for the mere defense of a strip of jungle on the other side of the world. Morale had fallen to an all-time low both for the families at home and for the men in the field. Veterans’ protest groups such as the Vietnam Veterans Against the War became increasingly vocal, attacking U. S. policy after they came home. Kovic eventually joined this group emerging as a strong voice against the war. The neglect and resentment of veterans was an unfortunate social effect of the war. While after other wars, the soldiers were welcomed back with parades and open arms, the Vietnam veterans were shunned, demeaned and booed. This was accurately depicted in this movie when Kovic returns and is mistreated at the hospital, and during a Fourth of July Parade he is booded at. Since it was such an unpopular war, Americans held veterans responsible for the war, although many of them did not approve of the war either. The veterans' situation was a tough one, especially with little or no support. About 150,000 veterans came home wounded, or amputated, and at least 21,000 were permanently disabled, unable to work for the rest of their lives. Many developed illnesses after the war such as cancers liver disease and rashes, mostly due to exposure to Agent Orange. Having seen the horrors of Vietnam, many veterans were psychologically scarred. Nightmares, anxiety causing flashbacks, and fits of terror from loud noises were common behaviors reported amongst veterans. Approximately 830,000 survivors of Vietnam suffered mental and emotional disorders and showed symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) However many were unable to get the help they needed and deserved, because they were perceived as crazy and dangerous, and even deserving of their circumstance. Economic medical and educational aid was not made available to them right away, and many veterans felt abandoned by the country they served. In trying to deal with this situation, some veterans developed drug or alcohol habits and many felt driven to suicide. As the proud daughter of one of these Vietnam Veterans, I can tell you that this movie was difficult to watch at times. Growing up, most of my memories with my father are going to see him in the Veterans hospital. Therefore, I had the privilege of growing up around many Vietnam war Veterans. I saw firsthand the self medicating of drugs and alcohol. Many times when my sisters and I would visit my father, we never really knew who we were going to get, the fun loving father, or the drugged up father. As I got older my father slowly began to talk about his experiences in Vietnam. My father’s accounts of what happened during the war and after the war, are chilling. This movie accurately depicted many of them, as the stories my father has are not so different from many American Heroes that Served in the Vietnam War. References http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section9.rhtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War

Karl Marx and the Idea of Communism Essay

Karl Marx’s claim that capitalism is important to human development but must be overcome and a system put into place that would eventually evolve into communism is unrealistic. Although the idea of communism, a social system designed to promote a classless society where everyone is truly equal and social problems such as racism, sexism and oppression do not exist, would be favourable to a capitalist society, it is unachievable as it doesn’t comprehend an individuals personal desire, the labour classes ability to lead or the growth and change that has occurred within capitalism since Marx. Capitalism is the social system currently within place in countries all over the world, where the means for producing and distributing goods are owned by a small collection of people, the capitalists, and the labour class, is made up of the majority of the population who sell their labour for a wage. Marx’s primary claim is that an individual’s moral, philosophical and religious ideas are reflections based on our material circumstance and that they are not autonomous driving forces in history as others have claimed. Marx concluded that ‘instead of shaping society, ideas were in fact shaped by society’ (Mann & Dann, 2005). By this he meant that the economic system of a society determines what values and principles are upheld. Therefore, an outdate society would value attributes such as honour and loyalty to keep people in line, whereas a capitalist society would value freedom and equality to keep the workforce as large and as mobile as possible to keep down wages. When a society’s economic conditions experience a fundamental change and a new class assumes supremacy after a political revolution has occurred and installed that leading class in power. Marx predicted that a communist revolution eliminating private property and the subjugation of one class by another would occur at the end of history society (Mann & Dann, 2005). Marx believed that through industrialisation, capitalism has increased the productive capability of the world’s economy but had also created two competing classes of people, the bourgeoisie, who controlled and owned the resources of production and employed wage labourers and the proletariat, who were everyday labour who didn’t own anything but their individual right to ell the labour. He felt that the nature of capitalism would guarantee that these two classes would eventually struggle against each other until the point where the working class would become sizeable and subjugated enough that it would takeover the bourgeoisie and its production resources and end the economic system known as capitalism. A socialist system would them be put into place and pure communism would progressively develop (Mann & Dann, 2005). In Marx’s theory communism is a period of historical progression that occurs from the expansion of productive forces leading to a surplus of material wealth, which allows for allocation based on freely related persons. The self-recovery of capitalism could not be predicted by Marx, as it was the introduction of a welfare state and trade unions that played their part in improving the conditions and wage of the workers of the labour class. Commons (2009) suggested that against Marx’s idea of the proletariat class becoming the ruling class of society, labour, as a class were inept in managing business and that the worker input and self-management weren’t feasible. Countries where workingmen have united for joint production of goods and rendering all services to become their own employees and have elected their own foremen, superintendents and directors have failed as labour as a class are inept to appoint their own boss because they base their election on compassion rather than the individuals competence and discipline. Individual labourers who rise out of there own class is capitalism and labourers that rise as a class to become their own boss as a class is socialism, which is unrealistic as the labour class is composed of conflicting races, sexes, religions, ages and there’s an inequality between peoples abilities and intelligence. These conflicting inequalities are brought to light in the competition for jobs and higher wages (Commons, J. R. , 2009). The great organisers of labour under a capitalist system are elected through natural selection within the industry, where the self-selection of leaders by the survival in the competitive struggle for profits mean that individuals are elected by their own success not by the votes of the individuals who work for them. These leaders are responsible to the capitalists and not to the wage earners they command as they are selected by those whose whole consideration s the profits which the can bring to the company or industry (Commons, J. R. , 2009). Marxists alleged that profit making is pure selfishness, with the implication that if the wage earners were in control, public service and not ambition would be the motivating power behind manufacture. The difference between wage earning and profit making, if there is one, is hard to see as both are the process endeavouring to get as much as possible for oneself with as little as possible (Commons, 2009). What Marx failed to see is the inherent selfishness of mankind, as each individual is self-serving to a degree, and how it would impact attempts to put into place a communist social system. In society labour, competition, capital and private property rights play an important role in creating an operational and successful economy. The division of labour allows for increases in the productive capabilities of labour and the specialisation of labour has moved society toward agriculture and manufacturing by encouraging the invention of greater technology. An individuals desire to live a comfortable life with their basic needs met creates and incentive for wage earning individuals to expend more effort within the industry to attain these wants and desires. Marx’s theory of communism can be centralized around the theory that with the abolition of private property, people would move into the final stage of social order, communism (Butgereit & Carden 2011). But with the abolition of private property and the private ownership of the means to production, the monetary prices generated by exchange that are used to appraise factors of production and determine the proportions in which those factors should be used to produce final product would not exist. When these monetary exchanges disappear so do the profits and losses the market produce to guide businesspersons on whether final product is needed within society or the resources used are being wasted (Butgereit & Carden 2011). One of the benefits Marx’s saw for communism was that the sovereignty of the proletariat would speed up the already vanishing national differences and antagonism between people due to the development of the bourgeoisies; the freedom of commerce, the world market, the uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of life consequent to those changes. Through this political supremacy, the proletariats would seize the capital from the bourgeoisie to concentrate all tools of production in the hands of the state and therefore increase the total productive forces as rapidly as possible. He believed that respectively that as the exploitation of on individual by another would end, so would the exploitation and hostility of one nation by another and the animosity between classes within the nation would disappear (Mann & Dann, 2005). Although capitalism has seen the expansion of the global market, introduced the concept of civilisation and given it a universal character to production and consumption in every country, Marx saw it as the Bourgeoisie exploiting this world market and creating a universal inter-dependence of nations as all nations are compelled to adopt the bourgeoisie style of production or risk extinction (Mann & Dann, 2005). Through globalisation capitalism grew in strength and the emergence of new compromising ideologies such as social democracy, which is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005), are making it stronger still. While social democracy was established from Marxism, it has been effective in generating cooperation and agreement between labour and capital in developed countries, and has helped bring about the creation of new laws concerning to minimum wage, social security and the right to strike and demonstration, which reduced the level of inequalities on the working class. But in underdeveloped countries, where the free market system and democracy are not established enough, the working class face serious problems, where individuals are forced to work for below minimum wage and have no job security due the high level of unemployment. In these countries it can be seen that capitalism still causes alienation within the labour class and Marx’s idea where a communist society is designed to promote a classless society in which everyone is truly equal would be beneficial. Although this idea of a communist society is ideal, societies throughout history, such as the Soviet Union, which failed and collapsed on itself and the Chinese, which gradually eroded and had to abandon true communism for functional capitalism in order for the society to survive, have proven through experience and profound failure that communist beliefs do not describe a plausible reality (Post-Communist Economic Systems, 2005). Although a communist society would be ideal to create equality among society, it is unattainable as Marx didn’t comprehend an individual’s personal desire, the labour classes ability to lead or the growth and change that would occur within a capitalist society to decrease the size of the economical inequality between the two classes. Through the introduction of democracy and globalisation, the capitalist social system was able to recover without dissolving into socialism and allowed laws to be put into place on behalf of labour class better working conditions and higher wages. The individuals desire to earn a higher wage has allowed for globalisation to steadily increase the need for a larger quantity of products created by the worlds resources. The efficiency and productivity levels of modern society have been steadily increasing because of industrialisation and the progressive taxation techniques implemented after Marx have allowed for the reduction of inequalities between the working and capitalist classes. By taking into consideration the theories of Marx, the modern capitalist society is working to create a fairer working environment for the working class without turning to communism as history has shown, through failed experiences, that society needs some form of a capitalist social system to use resources in the most efficient and productive way.

Gene Therapy Essay Example

Gene Therapy Essay Example Gene Therapy Essay Gene Therapy Essay Gene Therapy What is it? If genes dont produce the right protein or dont produce it correctly a person can have a genetic disorder. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that involves the transfer of a working copy of a gene into a cell to repair or replace a faulty gene so it is able to produce functioning proteins again. There are several approaches. The most common one is to insert a normal gene to replace the non-functional gene. Another approach is to swap a non-functional gene with a normal gene or the faulty ene could be repaired through selective mutations. Also genes can be switched on and off to a certain degree. How does gene therapy work? A carrier gene, called a Vector brings the normal gene into the target cell. Currently a virus is commonly used for that. The virus infects the target area with the healthy gene and so the cells can produce functioning proteins again. The genes can also be directly introduced to the target cells; this can only used in some tissues though. Also an artificial sphere, called Liposome, can be used which carries the DNA and is capable of passing the DNA through the target cells membrane. Another way is to chemically link the DNA to a molecule that will bind to specific cell receptors. Then the DNA will be passed into the target cell. This though seems to be less effective than other options. Advantages: has the potential to restore health to many who are suffering with the disease Disadvantages: controversy surrounding the medical treatment relative newness of the technology :

Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard - Emphasis

Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard Writing skills for nursing students, Nursing Standard As the adage goes, anything worth having is worth fighting for. But it can be a rude awakening if youve signed onto a nursing degree course and now find your passion for helping people buried under a pile of essays and assignments. Theres no doubt that a degree is great preparation for the challenging career you have ahead of you. But turning complex scientific information into concise writing is not always easy. It can seem like a losing battle especially if you havent been shown how. The secret is to learn how to communicate your ideas and arguments clearly. This can boost your understanding of the clinical material, enabling you to put your people know-how into context. Here are five ways to lay the foundations for writing success. Clarify your main message Before you begin writing, its vital that you know what you really want to say. Answering the questions: What?, Where?, When?, How?, Why? and Who? can help you to organise your ideas. Focus on your reader Your reader is likely to be your university lecturer, who should already be very knowledgeable about the topics you write about. So focus on exactly what they need for each particular assignment. For instance, if your task is to evaluate a variety of health-promotion models, focus on what is most important about each model and write about that first. This will show that you are able to reach a clear conclusion from your research. You can then demonstrate your evaluation skills by expanding on each of your key messages. Keep it short and sweet A survey by Harvard professor D.H. Menzel showed that in technical papers, people find sentences difficult to understand when they are longer than 34 words. So make things easier for your reader by keeping your sentences between 15 and 20 words. One idea, one sentence Consider this sentence: Nurses play an important role in the delivery of healthcare yet some are concerned that they need more autonomy in their work. This actually contains two separate (but linked) ideas, so it would be more helpful to the reader to split the sentence up: Nurses play an important role in the delivery of healthcare. Yet some experts are concerned that they need more autonomy in their work. Splitting up your ideas in this way will give your writing clarity. Use the active voice Traditionally, academic writing uses the passive voice to appear objective and scientific. But the active voice adds movement to your writing and its still scientifically sound. So instead of writing Leadership styles have been investigated by Zane and Prestipino (2004), write Zane and Prestipino (2004) investigated leadership styles. Academic writing doesnt have to be stilted, wordy and difficult to decipher. Practise these techniques and your writing will demonstrate your passion for nursing. Next month, well look at the ins and outs of essay writing. Well also give you some top tips for breaking writers block. Robert Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis. Want to write better documents? See our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810

Hezbollah and its history Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Concept of terrorism by state Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept of terrorism by state - Essay Example Terrorism refers to the acts of violence that are aimed at causing terror, fear, and instability in a given population, country or state. The acts may include bombing, shooting, kidnapping people and asking for ransom and destruction of property of some selected people. Through the terror attacks the people who are involved aim at undermining a certain group maybe a government and show that it’s not credible as it has failed to offer security to its population. According to Comb, terror attacks may have diverse aims ranging from political, religion, economic and social differences. Those people who feel they are alienated e.g. some groups of Muslims in Somalia, Africa and who feel that they are being oppressed may turn to terrorism as a revenge mechanism to solve the differences with their enemies. In some countries where some people lose in elections he or she may recruit terror gangs that will bring instability and hence making the person who won not to rule in peace. Social differences have also led to increase in terrorism as some communities feel they have been alienated and so they find terrorism as a good way to show their existence. This has been facilitated by the rise and advancement in technology especially with the use of nuclear and atomic energy which can lead to making of weapons of mass destruction (Cynthia C. Combs, Terrorism in the 21st Century). Economic struggles have also led to acts of terrorism. Pilates hijack ships on the ocean and then ask for huge sums of money to let the ship free. This makes them to get so much cash which they use to fund their criminal activities. In the modern word terrorism has become so common, suicide bombers are everywhere especially in the Jewish countries like Israel. This has been caused by political religion and social dif ferences. The Muslim countries like Iraq have been against the USA the climax being the

Evaluation of Product; Apple's Macbook Pro Essay

Evaluation of Product; Apple's Macbook Pro - Essay Example On the other hand, outside the manufacturer environment, MacBook Pro is a fast moving product in the market. Consumer Reports ranks MacBook Pro as one of the best laptop computers in the market and a quickly moving product by consumer choice (Rawson). The evaluation of this product in terms of market and consumer setting involves three factors: the users of the product, the environment within which the product is found, and the product itself in terms of satisfying consumer tastes and preferences. The manufacturer-consumer factors and interactions give critical insights into the product in question. The product is designed to suit the end user without difficulty. Although Apple utilizes sophisticated technologies in designing and manufacturing unique and high quality for the market, end user strategies are also implemented. Simplicity in terms of usability and sophistication in terms of manufacturer and functionality are the drives of MacBook Pro. The pricing of the product takes into account the cost of production and the fact that Apple operates on a profit motive. However, due to the utilization of strategic resources and high-tech production processes, the product has affordable prices when it reaches the market (Stanton 147). Locally, regionally, and internationally, the environment within which the product is offered is a competitive one. For this reason, competition becomes vital for successful operations and market performance. The marketing strategies employed by Apple for MacBook Pro seek to address consumer needs. What makes this process different from many other rival firms is the follow-up and consumer feedback programs that Apple runs. The company designs and manufactures products with integrated consumer-based features. The product itself is crucial in the entire evaluation process. MacBook Pro’s ranking against other substitutable products is crucial in accounting for the realized product trends in the various markets where the

Proposed amendment Essay Example for Free

Proposed amendment Essay Brief Presentation of Issue The 9/11 tragedy has led the US Federal Government to enact laws of national security that crosses all boarders. On October 2001, the US Congress has passed into law the US Patriot Act which formulates homeland security measures and combating burdens of the State on vulnerabilities and risks of present and future terrorist threat. The US Patriot Act of 2001 was the first enacted law that legally addresses the strong counter-terrorism measures of the US government that empowers all rules and regulations of the state’s homeland security. All US government agencies were enjoined to formulate a national and international operating guidelines relating to addressing a firmer global counter-terrorism policies and strategic sharing of burdens of information with allied international governments. The timeline of enforcement of the US Patriot Act of 2001 has accounted serious human errors in the conduct of enforcement to which the standard operating procedures constituted by the rules of court have been summarily neglected and to the point of being grossly deviated, specifically in serving search and arrest warrants that is likewise violating the 4th Amendment of the Bill of Rights. The issue of encroachment of the rules of court in issuance of search and arrest warrant has become a constitutional concern of the US Congress and the United Nation’s Commission on Human Rights (Leggiere, P. 2004). Framing of An Amendment to Search and Seizure Order The above cited issues has come the proposal to supplement the 4th Amendment of the Bill of Rights that constitutes the provision on search and seizure. The 4th Amendment may be therefore supplemented with an enabling clause as an Amendment on specific provision that states: â€Å"Constitutional liabilities in the issuance of search and seizure order. † A Brief Resolution of the Proposed Amendment The following proposed resolution formulates and creates the enabling clause of the Amendment: â€Å"Whereas, be it known that the facade of human error in the conduct of search and seizure may infringe the performance and call of duty in safeguarding the national security and protecting the lives of citizenry, and may violate the civil and constitutional rights of every citizens of the state and the immigrants;† â€Å"Whereas, be it further known that deviation and neglect in issuing search and seizure order may not constitutionally uphold the enforcement of such law and jeopardize the 4th Amendment of the Bill of Rights;† â€Å"Be it resolved, as it is hereby resolve that the proposed amendment shall state the provision of Constitutional liabilities in the issuance of search and seizure order,† that shall egally address the unauthorized and illegal search and seizure prior to the proceedings of proper and appropriate Court of laws. † Thus, the Amendment on â€Å"Constitutional liabilities in the issuance of search and seizure order† seeks to uphold the constitutional right of every state citizen and immigrants and deterrence to commission of human error of conducting authorities. Exploratory Issues to the Amendment The â€Å"constitutional liabilities in the issuance of search and seizure order† emanates an action that supplant the human error, as may be singled out in the performance and call of duty, and the flaws of government directives, authorization and function that engages constitutional liabilities in the conduct of search and seizure. Given the fact that despite the continuing violation of human rights, the human error and flaws of authorities are not given due response by the Court of law due to the absence of fundamental and legal precedents that shall interpret the violation. Likewise, the human error itself defeats 6th Amendment of the Bill of Rights wherein the fair trial composes the right of a person to be served with proper procedure prior to prosecution. To cite a relative incident, we can quote the disclosure of Phil Leggiere (2004) who stated in his investigative article, that: â€Å" the US Congress and Senate approve the Military Commissions Act, which authorizes torture and strips non-US citizen detainees (suspected of terrorist ties) of the right of habeas corpus—which includes formal charges, counsel and hearings—and also empowers the US president at his discretion to declare US citizens as enemy combatants and subject to detention without charge or due process†. The above cited disclosure further stated that, in so far as the US Court of law is concerned, the constitutional liability of the US government authority that has been directly involved is still pending for court interpretation and documentation of circumstantial facts. Obviously, the violation boils down to the presumed call of duty and in the name of national security to which the constitutional liability is impeded to surface (Leggiere 2004). Pros and Cons Pros. The primary advantage of adopting the proposed Amendment would enable a legal precedent that shall formally address the constitutional liability of the human error and the fine tuning of the US government authorities in the conduct of enforcement. The Court of law shall then recognize the pleadings of human right violations from the circumstance of complex conduct of search and seizure. The parliamentary procedure and judicial process may use the proposed Amendment as an examining tool on the extent and scope of violations wherein qualification and determination of offense shall be dealt with both civil and criminal punishment. Above all the benefits of the proposed Amendment is the articulation and emphasis of the search and seizure application to which the people, and specifically the victims of mistaken identity, shall be safeguarded from harm of circumstantial neglect, denial and justification of acquiring national security measures. Cons What could be claimed as a disadvantage upon the passage of the proposed Amendment is the dysfunction in covert and strategic operation in homeland security management. The dysfunction could be a vague issue but could be a burden in gathering of intelligence information for suspected terrorists and enemies of the state. However, in today’s application of advanced cyber-technologies, the US authorities may ultimately resort and rely on such expensive tools that may be useful enough for intelligence reconnaissance. Although it is still a common knowledge and understanding that the CIA still rely on the so-called open-source information relative to legal, Para-legal and covert extraction (Elsea, J. K. 2004). At this point of view, the covert extraction of information from sources (which could have been a result of torture), would be employed by the proposed Amendment. In which case, expose’ of information in the open court may bring vulnerability of covert operation. However, in that regard, there may be a venue to contain the inquiry on constitutional liabilities. Conclusion The Bill of Rights represents the people itself in the annals of democratic fundamentals. It is where the Constitution is made to uphold the moral virtues of citizenry and the government that represent them. Without the moral virtues of a constitution, a volatile and fragile democracy negates the human rights. It is therefore a moral obligation of every citizen in various governments to protect and lead into vanguard the proliferation of moral ascendancy for their rights above all the creation of the fundamental law of the land. References American Homepage. The Bill of Rights. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://ahp. gatech. edu/bill_of_rights_1789. html. Bruns, R. A. (1986). A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the United States Constitution. National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Trust Fund Board, Washington, DC. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://www. archives. gov/national-archives- experience/charters/print_friendly. html? page=constitution_history_content. htmltitle=NARA%20%7C%20The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20United%20States%3A%20A%20History. Human Rights Watch (2004). Immigrants’ Rights under Attack in House Bill (H. R. 10). Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://www. hrw. org/english/docs/2004/10/06/usdom9469. htm. Jennifer K. Elsea, J. K.(2004). U. S. Treatment of Prisoners in Iraq: Selected Legal Issues. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://www. us. gov/RL32395/pdf. Leggiere, P. (2004). Bill of Rights Under Bush: A Timeline. Mondo Globo Alpha. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://mondoglobo. ning. com/group/questionauthority/forum/topic/show? id=1509099%3ATopic%3A2937. Rapczynski, J. (2000). Search and Seizure. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/2/00. 02. 04. x. html. Rodley, N. S. (1999). The Treatment of Prisoners Under International Law. Oxford Press, 2nd Edition. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://books. google. com/books? id=pOpdOyPn36ECpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=protocol+on+treatment+of+war+prisonerssource=webots=vmMso_Qs-3sig=C2BMjcTvmC. Yale University (2007). 1996-2007: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. The Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva03. htm.